Eye Trauma in Mixed Martial Arts and Boxing.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare eye and face trauma in mixed martial arts (MMA) and boxing. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Data from boxing and MMA competitions were extracted from the Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) between 2000 and 2020. Details of competitions, contestants, outcomes, and injuries were extracted. RESULTS: In total 1539 boxing injuries (from 4313 contests) and 1442 MMA injuries (from 2704 contests) were identified. Boxing had higher eye injury rates compared to MMA ( p < 0.0001), with an odds ratio of 1.268 (95% CI, 1.114-1.444). Eye trauma represented 47.63% of boxing injuries and 25.59% of MMA injuries, with periocular lacerations being the most common eye injury in both. Orbital fractures represented 17.62% of eye injuries in MMA and 3.14% in boxing contests. However, 2%-3% were retinal in both sports, and 3.27% were glaucomatous in boxing. MMA contestants had an odds ratio of 1.823 (95% CI, 1.408-2.359) for requiring physician evaluation following an eye injury compared with boxing. MMA contestants also had a higher rate of face ( p < 0.0001) and body ( p < 0.0001) injuries. For both sports, an increased number of rounds and being the losing fighter were associated with increased odds of eye and face injury. CONCLUSION: Although boxing has a higher rate of eye injuries, MMA eye injuries are more likely to require physician evaluation. MMA contestants also have a higher rate of orbital fractures and face and body trauma. A detailed postfight examination and long-term follow-up of ocular injury in combat sports will be vital in proposing reforms to prevent eye trauma.

COVID-19 impact on facial trauma: Insights from Mississippi's only level 1 trauma center.

PURPOSE: Our primary aim was to understand and describe the impact of COVID-19 on the incidence and etiology of facial trauma in the state of Mississippi. METHODS: Retrospective review of facial trauma-related Emergency Department encounters in Mississippi from March 11, 2019 to March 10, 2021, divided into three time periods using the state of Mississippi's Governor's Office Executive Orders. Chi-square tests and segmented linear regressions were used for analysis. RESULTS: Patients presenting with facial trauma were typically male, 18-44 years old, and lived in urban zip codes. Insurance payors significantly differed across time periods. There were no significant differences in self-inflicted assault or accidental injury between the 3 time periods, with pre- and pandemic patients more likely to be self-pay while patients during recovery being more likely to have private insurance. During the pandemic, facial trauma from a family member, partner or spouse, or other person in the household significantly increased. CONCLUSION: Similar accidental facial trauma trends may reflect lower adherence to social distancing guidelines. The increase in facial trauma perpetrated by family members is consistent with reported increases in domestic violence during the pandemic. While overall facial trauma demographic patterns did not change significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, there were notable changes in the etiology and insurance payor of facial trauma cases. LAY SUMMARY: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted healthcare systems worldwide, and our study seeks to understand how the pandemic affected incidence of facial trauma.

Facial Injuries in the National Basketball Association.

BACKGROUND: Sport injuries can negatively impact physical and psychological aspects of athletes. There is a gap in the literature regarding facial trauma present in basketball. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify and describe facial trauma present in the National Basketball Association (NBA). STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE: This is a retrospective cohort study in which the sample (n = 206) consists of players that missed games due to facial injuries in the NBA, the data were collected from a public access online resource. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: The predictor variables were player position (center, point guard, shooting guard, small forward, and power forward), team conference (Eastern/Western), and if played games occurred in playoff season. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: The primary outcome variable was the injury location (upper, middle, and lower facial third), and the secondary outcome was type of injury (soft tissue/bone fracture). COVARIATES: Player's age, height, weight, and body mass index were collected. ANALYSES: χ2 and logistic regression were calculated to determine associations between predictor and outcome variables. Logistic regression was used to determine if variables were predictive for injury. Odds ratio was also computed for significant results. P value less than .05 (95% confidence interval) was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 206 players missed games due to facial injuries, and a total of 212 injuries were quantified. The mean age of the injured players was 27.24 ± 4.06 years, mean height (centimeters) was 201 ± 59.31 cm, mean weight (kilograms) was 99.48 ± 12.41 kg, and body mass index was 24.52 ± 1.75 kg/m2. Of the 212 injuries, none of them occurred in the upper facial third, 158 (75%) were in the middle third, and 54 (25%) were in the lower third; 151 of them were fractures (61%) and 61 were soft tissue injuries (29%). Most injuries were concentrated in centers (23%) and power forwards (23%). The most common fracture occurred in the nasal bones (39.2%), and most soft tissue injuries occurred in the eye globes (25%). Almost all injuries occurred during regular season games (97%), and the Eastern conference was slightly predominant (52%). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Significant facial trauma in the NBA has risen in recent years. The player's position, height, and weight were the primary factors associated with facial trauma in the NBA.

E-cigarette explosion injuries in the oral and maxillofacial region and a protocol for their management.

DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase and Web of Science along with the reference lists from select articles. STUDY SELECTION: Retrospective or prospective cohort studies, randomised controlled trials, case series, case-control studies and case reports on e-cigarette explosion-related facial injuries published in the English language were included. Review articles, nonclinical studies, commentaries, published abstracts and editorials were excluded. Also were excluded, those studies which did not specify injury location or if the injury did not pertain to the maxillofacial region. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Data pertaining to bibliographic information, device characteristics, patient details, facial injuries, factors precipitating explosion, complications at follow-up, management and other injuries were extracted. An association between the predictor variables of injury type and location with outcomes of surgical management and intubation was determined by utilising a Chi-squared analysis. RESULTS: A total of 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 105 facial injuries in 32 patients from 32 e-cigarette explosions were recorded. 73.3% of the injuries were projectile in nature with 26.7% being characterised by burns. 43.8% of all patients suffered both burn and projectile injuries. The eye (10.7%), oral cavity (25%) and face (64.3%) were involved with burn injuries. Projectile injuries mostly involved the lower third of the face (81.8%). 62.5% of patients suffered from a tooth or bone fracture. A 44.4% rate of complications was reported amongst the studies which reported on follow-ups. Surgical management or intubation were found to have no statistically significant relationship with explosive oral injuries. No other statistically significant associations were observed between outcomes and other injury types. CONCLUSIONS: There is a risk of spontaneous combustion with e-cigarettes, which can cause injuries of a serious nature to the oral and maxillofacial region, specially the lower third of the face, commonly necessitating surgical management. Increased regulation along with user education are required in order to improve the safety profile of these devices.

Incidence of facial fractures in association with facial laceration from dog bites in the pediatric patient.

INTRODUCTION: Dog bite injuries occur in approximately 102 of every 100,000 population. Pediatric facial injuries due to dog bites are more common than in the adult largely due to height difference and ease of access for the dog to the head and neck region. Although majority are soft tissue injuries, pediatric facial fractures from dog bites are estimated at approximately 5%, with the true incidence unknown. We hypothesize that depth and facial subsite of laceration can indicate likelihood of facial fracture presence in pediatric patients with dog bite injuries. METHODS: This single-institution retrospective study included 162 patients 18 years or younger (n = 162) who had an ICD-9 code of E906.0 or ICD-10 code of W54.0 for dog bites in the head and neck region between 1/1/2015 and 12/31/2019 and were treated in the emergency department by either an emergency department, otolaryngology, or plastics surgery provider. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine the association between patient age, sex, and dog size, and the outcomes: laceration depth (epidermis, dermis, muscle, bone), and facial subsite (upper, middle, lower third). RESULTS: Males had a lower laceration penetration at the epidermis level (aOR = 0.36; 95% CI 0.19, 0.69) but a higher laceration penetration at the muscle level (aOR = 2.29; 95% CI 1.04, 5.04) compared to females. No significant findings were observed for the levels of dermis and bone. In the multivariable analysis, there were no significant associations to suggest facial fractures found between facial subsites and age, sex and dog size. CONCLUSION: No significant associations between depth or facial subsite of facial injury from dog bites and the presence of facial fractures in pediatric patients except with regard to male sex and laceration level of epidermis and muscle.

Epidemiology and Etiology of Facial Injuries in Children.

Pediatric Trauma results in over 8 million emergency department visits and 11,000 deaths annually. Unintentional injuries continue to be the leader in morbidity and mortality in pediatric and adolescent populations in the United States. More than 10% of all visits to pediatric emergency rooms (ER) present with craniofacial injuries. The most common etiologies for facial injuries in children and adolescence are motor vehicle accidents, assault, accidental injuries, sports injuries, nonaccidental injuries (eg, child abuse) and penetrating injuries. In the United States, head trauma secondary to abuse is the leading cause of mortality among non-accidental trauma in this population.

Incidence and Characteristics of Facial and Ophthalmic Injuries From Domestic Mammal Bites: Parts of the data in the manuscript were presented at the American Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, 2022.

PURPOSE: To determine population-based incidence and characteristics of facial and ophthalmic injuries from domestic mammal bites in Olmsted County, Minnesota. DESIGN: Retrospective, population-based cohort study. METHODS: The Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) was used to identify all potential cases of facial injuries from domestic mammal bites in Olmsted County, Minnesota from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2015. Subjects were categorized into 2 cohorts: the ophthalmic cohort, which included persons with ocular and periocular injuries with or without facial injuries, and the non-ophthalmic cohort, which included persons with facial injuries only. The incidence and characteristics of facial and ophthalmic injuries from domestic mammal bites were assessed. RESULTS: There were 245 patients with facial injuries, 47 ophthalmic and 198 non-ophthalmic. The overall age- and sex-adjusted incidence of facial injuries was 9.0 (CI = 7.9-10.1) per 100,000 persons per year, 1.7 (CI = 1.2-2.2) ophthalmic and 7.3 (CI = 6.3-8.3) non-ophthalmic. Rates of facial injuries were highest in patients younger than 5 years and lowest in patients 50 years or older, 49.1 (CI = 41.3-61.6) and 1.3 (CI = 0.7-2.5), respectively (P < .001). All facial injuries were caused by either dog (92%) or cat (8%) bites. Patients with ophthalmic injuries received more intravenous prophylactic antibiotics (18% vs 1%, P < .001), wound closure (83% vs 58%, P < .001), and hospital admission (6% vs 0%, P = .007) than patients with non-ophthalmic injuries. Facial injury complications were infrequent (14, 6%) and included soft tissue infection and prominent scar. CONCLUSIONS: Although domestic mammal bites to the face are quite common, ocular injury occurs in a minority of cases.

Epidemiological Investigation of Facial Soft Tissue Injury in Chinese Preschool Children.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pediatric facial soft tissue injuries of Chinese preschool-aged children in Hangzhou Plastic Surgery Hospital. METHODS: Medical records of preschool-aged children's facial injuries, 6 years and younger, from January 2017 to December 2019 were collected. Sex; age; time of injury; length of stay; causes of injury; location, type, length, and depth of wound; anesthesia methods; and treatment and evaluation of postoperative scars were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 10,862 cases (male, 6780 cases; female, 4082 cases) in the group. The ratio of male to female was 1.66:1. Mean age was 3.4 (±1.6) years; the youngest was 1 month old. The time of injury occurred frequently between 9:00 and 13:00 and 16:00 to 21:00, with the most common incident time being between 19:00 and 20:00. Collision injury was the main cause of injury (9822 [90.43%]). The most frequently injured area was the forehead (4874 [44.87%]). The main form of injury was laceration wound (9721 [89.45%]). The depth of injuries was mainly middle layer (adipose or muscular layer) (6299 [57.99%]). The length of injuries was 1.7 (±0.9) cm, ranging from 0.2 to 10.5 cm. Furthermore, 9110 cases were repaired by plastic surgeries and 1 or more antiscar measures. After 6-month to 2-year follow-up, 9 cases of animal scratch or bite, lip penetrating wound, or bumping teeth were infected and 26 cases had scar hyperplasia. The others achieved satisfactory results, and the scars were not obvious. CONCLUSION: Preschool-aged children's facial injuries have predictable patterns of occurrence, and targeted preventive measures can reduce the incidence rates. After facial injury, children should present for timely plastic surgery treatment and accept combined antiscarring measures to minimize postoperative scarring.

Facial Fracture Patterns and Severity of Associated Injuries After Motorcycle Accidents.

BACKGROUND: Motorcycle injuries remain a significant cause of motor vehicle-related morbidity and mortality in Taiwan. Besides, the facial region is a commonly fractured site under motorcycle accidents. To date, there are no trauma mechanism-based studies of facial fractures. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine the facial fracture patterns, the severity of head trauma, and associated injuries by different motorcycle-related trauma mechanisms enabling a greater understanding of its distribution and magnitude. METHODS: This is a retrospective descriptive analysis conducted over a 2-year period at Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. We focused on the population of maxillofacial injury caused by motorcycle accidents. We divided the patient cohort into 3 main trauma mechanisms: single-motorcycle collision (SM group), motorcycle-to-motorcycle collision (MM group), motorcycle-to-vehicle collision (MV group). Data, including demographics, age, fracture patterns of facial bones, and other associated injuries, were collected. RESULTS: A total of 881 cases were identified that involved facial fractures. Most patients were male (71%), young adult (mean age, 32.49 years), and the most common fracture region is the midfacial fracture (79.5%, 700 victims). Among the 3 groups, the MM group was less likely to sustain severe injuries by trauma score system, less head injury and mortality rate. The MV group and SM group have similar mortality rates but different fracture pattern tendencies. Lower facial fractures were more likely in the MV group, but midface fractures in the SM group. Associated injuries were higher in the MV group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study presents the different trends of fracture patterns and injury under 3 main mechanisms of motorcycle casualties. We document all these data in the hope of providing insights into trauma doctors dealing with motorcycle accidents.

Relationship between the use and types of helmets with facial injuries - a prospective study.

INTRODUCTION: many studies have demonstrated the benefits of helmet to prevent and reduce severity of injuries in motorcyclists. OBJECTIVE: the aim of the present study was to evaluate a possible relationship between the use of different types of helmets and the occurrence of facial injuries among victims of motorcycle accidents, seen at Hospital da Restauração, Recife/PE, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: demographic and trauma data were collected from hospitalized motorcycle accident victims with facial injuries from December 2020 to July 2021. Pearsons chi-square test was used to assess association between two categorical variables using a margin of error of 5%. RESULTS: among the participants, the average age was 33.46 years. The age group between 18 and 29 years was the most prevalent. Most participants were male. 60.0% of motorcyclists used helmets at the time of the accident and of this percentage 37.6% used fixed full-face helmet, 16.5% open-face helmet and the other 5.9% articulated full-face helmet. 62.7% of participants had facial fractures. Among the fractures, those of the zygomatic-orbital complex were the most common fracture and were significantly associated with the use of helmets, especially with open-face helmet. CONCLUSIONS: the use of helmets was associated with a lower number of facial fractures among patients who were victims of motorcycle accidents. Fracture of the zygomatic-orbital complex was related to the absence of a helmet at the time of the accident, as well as the use of open-face helmets.

Risk factors associated with infection in patients sustaining dog bites to the face.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify which patient-level factors, if any, influence the risk of infection following dog bite wounds to the face. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID). The primary predictor variable was the type of facial injury. The primary outcome variable was the presence of facial infection. SPSS was used to perform statistical analyses and statistical significance was set at a P-value of < 0.05. RESULTS: Our final sample comprised a total of 4,420 patients who suffered dog bites to the face, of which 1,237 (28.0%) resulted in infection. Open wound (n = 4,176, 94.5%) was the most common facial injury, followed by bone fractures (n = 105, 2.4%). Relative to children 16-20 years old, children who were 0-5 years old were three times more likely to develop an infection (P < 0.01). Finally, open wounds (P < 0.01) were over seven times more likely to get infected relative to fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Young children, particularly those below the age of five, are vulnerable to dog bite wounds to the face. Open wounds posed the greatest risk of getting infected.

Post traumatic stress disorder following facial and dental trauma: preliminary findings from a study conducted in India.

This study was conducted to identify and study the prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients, who had sustained traumatic facial and dental injuries along with other variables that may affect the psychological response. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 241 patients suffering from traumatic facial and dental injuries presenting to the Ahmadabad Municipal Dental College and Hospital were included in the study. 110 patients (males - 87, females - 23) suffered disfiguring injuries and/or loss of multiple front teeth (DF). 131 patients (males - 102, females - 29) suffered no disfigurement (NDF). Assessment was carried out on day of discharge (D.O.D), 1 month, and 6 months. Impact of Event Scale (I.E.S-R) was used to assess the presence of post traumatic stress disorder in the patients. RESULTS: Patients with DF injuries had statistically significant higher mean scores than patients suffering NDF injuries. Female patients had comparatively higher scores at D.O.D, 1 month, and 6 months. Patients treated with maxillomandibular fixation and between ages 18 and 40 years also had significantly higher scores. CONCLUSION: Patients with DF facial injuries including multiple anterior teeth loss had significantly higher mean (I.E.S-R) scores for PTSD in comparison with patients with NDF facial injuries.

The prevalence and risk factors of facial pressure injuries related to adult non-invasive ventilation equipment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To systematically assess the prevalence of facial pressure injuries related to adult non-invasive ventilation equipment, and risk factors of facial pressure injuries. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, Wanfang Database, Chinese Biomedical Database and Weipu Database were comprehensively searched for observational studies investigating the prevalence and risk factors of facial pressure injuries related to adult non-invasive ventilation equipment from inception to May 16th, 2022. Filter articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the included studies was evaluated independently by two investigators. Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 16.0 software package. In total, 2835 articles were screened and data from 12 studies were used in meta-analysis. The prevalence of facial pressure injuries related to adult non-invasive ventilation equipment was 25% (95% confidence interval, CI:15% to 37%, I2  = 97.34%, P < 0.0001). After controlling for confounding variables, the following risk factors of facial pressure injuries: use equipment form, with diabetes, fever, cumulative time of using equipment, facial skin oedema and Glasgow score. Understanding the risk factors of facial pressure injuries can provide the healthcare personnel with the theoretical basis for the management and treatment of the patients.

Characteristics of Facial Trauma in Professional Mixed Martial Arts.

Background: Injuries are common in mixed martial arts (MMA) competitions. However, the risk factors for facial injury have not been delineated. Objective: Identify the facial injuries and associated risk factors of professional MMA fights. Methods: The Nevada State Athletic Commission medical injury reports from all professional Ultimate Fighting Championship bouts from 2010 to 2020 was reviewed. Fighter characteristics, details of the competition, and injuries sustained were collected. Binary logistic regressions determined significant predictors of facial injury. Results: A total of 1462 fighters were included. Most participants were male (91.0%) with mean age of 29.5 ± 4.1 years. Most fights took place between 135 and 185 lbs., lasted ≥3 rounds (59.4%), and resulted in judges' decision (50.5%) or knockout (31.2%). The facial injury rate was 15.8%, which were predominantly lacerations (12.0%) and fractures (3.6%). Multivariate regression revealed being male (p = 0.026), heavier weight (p = 0.028), more rounds fought (p = 0.019), losing (p < 0.001), and nonsubmission outcome (p = 0.017) predicted facial injury. Conclusion: Facial injuries are common in MMA fighting. The risks should be iterated to participants in this sport.